Daniel Defoe

Born Daniel Foe around 1660 in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate, London, the son of a tallow chandler, Defoe added the genteel "De" to his surname in his thirties. He was educated at a Dissenting academy in Newington Green, barred from Oxford and Cambridge by his family's Nonconformist faith. He tried his hand at the hosiery trade, dabbled in shipping and insurance, and went spectacularly bankrupt in 1692, owing the equivalent of millions. He became a political pamphleteer of extraordinary energy, writing for and against nearly every faction, which landed him in the pillory in 1703 for his satirical The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters (1702), a pamphlet so convincing in its mimicry of High Church bigotry that both sides were enraged. He served as a secret agent for Robert Harley, reporting on political sentiment across England and Scotland. Then, at nearly sixty, he invented the English novel. Robinson Crusoe (1719) became an instant sensation, followed by Moll Flanders (1722), A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), and Roxana (1724), each a masterpiece of first-person narration so vivid that readers took them for true accounts. He died on April 24, 1731, hiding from creditors in a lodging house in Ropemaker's Alley, Moorfields.