Mary Wollstonecraft

Born on April 27, 1759, in Spitalfields, London, the second of seven children of a failed gentleman farmer whose drunken rages drove the family through a succession of increasingly desperate homes, Wollstonecraft educated herself and escaped by working as a lady's companion, governess, and schoolmistress before arriving in London's radical intellectual circles. She taught herself French and German and became a translator, reviewer, and writer for the publisher Joseph Johnson, who gathered around him a circle that included William Blake, William Godwin, and Thomas Paine. When Edmund Burke published his Reflections on the Revolution in France in 1790, Wollstonecraft was the first to answer, producing A Vindication of the Rights of Men within weeks. Two years later she published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), arguing with devastating clarity that women were not naturally inferior but had been made so by a denial of education and independence, and that a society which kept half its members in ignorance could never call itself free. She traveled to revolutionary Paris, where she witnessed the Terror firsthand and began an affair with the American adventurer Gilbert Imlay, by whom she had a daughter, Fanny. When Imlay abandoned her, she twice attempted suicide. She later married the philosopher William Godwin, but died on September 10, 1797, of puerperal fever, eleven days after giving birth to her second daughter, Mary, who would grow up to write Frankenstein.